Kwiminyaka yakutshanje iinkqubo zokusebenza ze-Gnu / Linux ziye zatshintsha kakhulu, zenza imbonakalo yazo ubuhlobo bomsebenzisi we-novice kunye nokuvumela iinkqubo ezininzi ezenziwa kuphela kwisiphelo sendlela ebandayo ukuba yenziwe kwi-desktop okanye kumfanekiso wesikrini.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho iinkqubo kunye nezixhobo eziluncedo kuthi ukuze sazi kwaye sazi ukuba sisebenza njani nokuba sithanda ukusebenza ngemowudi yemizobo okanye kwisiphelo kuphela. Le yimeko ye iimvume kubasebenzisi kunye namaqela, Inkqubo ekuGnu / Linux isebenza njengesixhobo esikhulu sokhuseleko kunye nemfihlo kwidatha yethu.
Njengoko zikhona kwezinye iinkqubo ezininzi ezisebenzayo, kwi-Gnu / Linux kunokwenzeka ukuba iifayile kunye neefolda ezithile inokuthintelwa kubasebenzisi abathile okanye zifumaneka kubasebenzisi abathile. Ukongeza, kule meko, oku kusebenza kuya phambili ngakumbi ngamaqela, ukuze kwinkqubo enye yokusebenza sibe neentlobo ezininzi zabasebenzisi kwaye sabele amalungelo athile okanye isenzo esithile kwamanye amaqela abasebenzisi okanye abanye.
Kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yeGnu / Linux zonke iifayile kunye neefolda zineentlobo ezintathu zeemvume: funda imvume, bhala imvume kwaye wenze imvume. Ukuba sinefayile enemvume yokufunda, singayifunda kwaye siyijonge ifayile kodwa asinakho ukuyiguqula kwaye asikwazi ukuyiphumeza. Ukuba kwelinye icala sinemvume yokuphumeza, sinokuyenza ifayile, kodwa asikwazi ukuyibona okanye ukuyiguqula. Kwaye okokugqibela, ukuba sinemvume yokubhala, singayiguqula ifayile kodwa asizukukwazi ukuyifunda okanye ukuyiphumeza.
Ezi ndlela zintathu zinokusetyenziswa njengohlobo lwenkqubo yokhuseleko, ke, sinokwabela ukuba iifayile zenkqubo yokusebenza azinakuguqulwa yiyo nayiphi na into ngaphandle komlawuli. Oku kungathetha ukuba kuphela ngumlawuli onokuguqula iifayile zenkqubo, ukwenza ukuba kube lula kubasebenzisi kunye neenkqubo ezenziwa ngaba basebenzisi ukuguqula iifayile zenkqubo. Singayisebenzisa ukukhawulela ukufikelela kwiifayile, oko kukuthi, ukuba sineefayile ezibalulekileyo kwaye ukuba sikwangumphathi, sinokwenza ukufikelela kwiifayile ezithile kungenzeki okanye phantse kube nzima ukuzenza.
Siphawule ukuba kwi-Gnu / Linux sinethuba lokunika imvume kumaqela abasebenzisi. Olu khetho alubonakali luluncedo kakhulu kumaqela obuqu asebenzisa umntu omnye okanye ababini kakhulu, kodwa iluncedo kakhulu kwaye ibalulekile kuseto lobungcali. Uninzi lwabaphathi benethiwekhi kunye nenkqubo zisebenzisa olu phawu lweGnu / Linux ukuya Nxulumana namaqela e-Linux namasebe okanye imisebenzi yenkampaniKe, umsebenzisi unokuba kwisebe okanye umsebenzi othile kwaye oku kunxulumana neqela eliya kuba nakho ukufikelela ngokuhambelana nemisebenzi yakhe, njengokukhuphela iikopi okanye ukupapasha iphepha lewebhu okanye ukufikelela kwifolda enamaxwebhu enkampani. Amathuba amaninzi xa sinobuchule obuncinci bokuyila.
Kukho konke ukusasazwa kweGnu / Linux sifumana lo msebenzi. Singayiguqula kwaye siyenze ngokwezifiso nge-terminal okanye ngokuzoba. Nangona kufuneka sitsho ukuba eyokugqibela ihlala iyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kunikezelo kunye nomphathi wefayile esisebenzisayo, nangona kusenzima ngokulula kuzo zonke.
Uyenza njani nge-terminal
Ukutshintsha kwemvume ngesiphelo kulula kakhulu, eyona nto inzima siya kuyifumana kule nkqubo kukwazi iikhowudi ezahlukeneyo ukunikezela iimvume ezihambelanayo.
Xa sidwelisa okanye sikhangela ulwazi malunga nefayile, ikhowudi efana kakhulu nale ilandelayo iya kuvela kwi-terminal:
-rwxr-xr-xUkuqonda le khowudi, kufuneka kuqala sisuse umlinganiswa wokuqala, osixelela ukuba yifayile (-), isikhombisi (d) okanye ikhonkco lokomfuziselo (l). Kufuneka sahlule ikhowudi ekhokelela kumaqela wabalinganiswa abathathu, eya kuthi isinike iindawo ezintathu.
Inxalenye yokuqala isixelela ngento anokuyenza umnini wefayile ngoxwebhu. Iqela lesibini labalinganiswa lisixelela ukuba iqela lomsebenzisi linokuthini ngale fayile kwaye iqela lokugqibela labalinganiswa lisixelela ukuba yintoni enokwenziwa ngabanye abasebenzisi abangabaniniyo okanye abangabakwiqela elifanayo lomsebenzisi. Kumaqela amathathu abalinganiswa siza kufumana iileta ezisixelela ukuba ingafundwa (r), yenziwe (x) okanye iguqulwe (w).
Ngoku, masicinge ukuba sifuna ukutshintsha iimvume zoxwebhu. Ukuba sifuna ukuyenza nge-terminal kufuneka sisebenzise i-chmod command elandelwa yimvume esifuna ukuyabela kunye nefayile esifuna ukuyiguqula imvume.
Ukuba sifuna ukuba ifayile ikwazi ukufundwa kwaye ibhalwe ngumsebenzisi, kuya kufuneka sisebenzise le khowudi ilandelayo:
chmod u+rw movilforum.odtUkuba into esifuna ukuyenza kukuba ifayile inokwenziwa ngumsebenzisi, kuya kufuneka sibhale:
chmod u+rx movilforum.odtKwaye ukuba into esiyifunayo kukuba ifayile inokufundwa, iguqulwe kwaye iphunyezwe ngumsebenzisi, kuya kufuneka sisebenzise le khowudi ilandelayo:
chmod u+rwxSingakwenza oku ngendlela efanayo ngokwamaqela nakwabanye. Ukwenza oku, kuya kufuneka sitshintshe unobumba wokuqala wekhowudi yangaphambili ukuya ku-G ukuba sifuna utshintsho lusetyenziswe kumaqela okanye ku-O ukuze utshintsho lusetyenziswe kwabanye. Xa usebenzisa i-terminal, ireferensi yeqela iya kuba kwiqela lethu kwaye nakwabanye iya kuba ngabangekho kuthi.
Kukho indlela ekhawulezayo yokunika imvume kwisiphelo sendlela. Le ndlela inendlela yokusebenzisa umthetho omnye kodwa siya kusebenzisa amanani ukwenza iimvume. Inani lokufundwa li-4, inani lokubhala li-2 kwaye inani eliza kuphunyezwa liya kuba ngu-1. Sinokutshintsha umsebenzisi, iqela kunye nabanye imvume ngaxeshanye, ukwenza ukuba inani ngalinye limele iqela labalinganiswa. Kwaye inani esilisebenzisayo iya kuba sisixa samanani ezo mvume. Nangona kubonakala ngathi kuyabhidisa oku xa ubona ikhowudi, ilula kakhulu:
chmod 776 movilforum.odtOku kuthetha ukuba sinika imvume epheleleyo kumsebenzisi (sisiphumo sokongeza u-4 + 2 +1), isi-7 sesibini iya kuba ziimvume ezinxulumene namaqela kwaye ezi-6 zingangqinelana nabanye (4 + 2 kunye 0 ekuphumezeni, oko kukuthi, ayinakwenziwa.)
Guqula iimvume zefayile ngokomzobo
Utshintsho lweemvume kwiifayile kunye neefolda ngendlela yemizobo kulula ngakumbi kuba kubo bonke abaphathi beefayile kuyafana kwaye akwenziwa ngeekhowudi kodwa kwiimenyu zokuhla ezantsi nazo zonke iindlela ezikhethiweyo.
Ukwenza oku kuya kufuneka sikhethe ifayile okanye ifolda apho sifuna ukuguqula khona iimvume zayo.
Sinqakraza kuyo kwaye siye "kwiiPropathi", kuya kuvulwa isikrini apho isithuba esithi "iimvume" ziya kuvela, siye kuyo kunye neemvume zangoku eziza kubakho loo fayile. Into ekufuneka uyenzile kukukhetha ukhetho esifuna lona kuhlobo ngalunye lwemvume kwaye kunjalo.
Kwimeko apho sifuna ukutshintsha imvume yefayile yenkqubo okanye ifayile esingenayo imvume kuyo, kuya kufuneka yenze njengomlawuli, umsebenzisi onazo zonke iimvume zenkqubo. Ukuvula iifayile njengomlawuli, kufuneka siphumeze umyalelo wesudo olandelwa ligama lomphathi wefayile.
Ezi ziya kuba ziindlela esinokulawula ngazo imvume kunye namalungelo kwiifayile kunye neefolda kwiGnu / Linux. Ulawulo nokusetyenziswa kwayo kuluncedo kakhulu, kuba Isixhobo sokhuseleko kusebenza kakhulu ukuba abasebenzisi abambalwa bayayazi into abanayo simahla. Ke leliphi ithuba elingcono kunokusebenzisa eli xesha ngoku lokujonga kwakhona iimvume zezo fayile zibaluleke kangaka kwinkqubo yethu yokusebenza.