Namhlanje akunakwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso wokuphila ngaphandle kwekhompyutha. Nangona abantu abaninzi behamba ngayo kwaye bengenayo enye emakhayeni abo, iikhompyuter zisinceda ngokuthe ngqo nangokungathanga ngqo ukuba nobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukusuka kwiibhanki, izikolo kunye namaziko emfundo ukuya kurhulumente, indawo, iivenkile zokutyela kunye naluphi na uhlobo lweshishini, indawo kunye nendawo zihlala zinayo, kwaye izizathu zoku zininzi.
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko uyazi ngokuqinisekileyo okanye ubuncinci ucinga, iikhompyuter azisoloko zinjengokuba sizazi. Kude kube ngamashumi ambalwa eminyaka edlulileyo, bezingenakwenzeka, zingasebenzi kakhulu, zinzima, zinkulu, kwaye zibiza kakhulu. Ngapha koko, yayingoomatshini ababethengiswa ngaphandle kwempumelelo encinci kuba ukusetyenziswa kwabo bekuncinci, ubuncinci kubasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo. Oku kusebenza ngakumbi kwi ikhompyutha yokuqala emhlabeni, eyasungulwa kwinkulungwane edlulileyo kunye nale sithetha ngayo apha ngezantsi.
Z1, ikhompyuter yokuqala yehlabathi
Zininzi iikhompyuter ezithathwa njengezokuqala ukukhutshwa emhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, i-Z1 yeyokuqala ukuba icwangciswe, yiyo loo nto isaziwa njengeyokuqala embalini, nangona kukho ukungangqinelani okukhulu malunga noku, kuba zikhona ezinye iikhompyuter ezaziwa njengeyokuqala emhlabeni, kodwa Uninzi lwe mbali lubeka i-Z1 njengelifanele esi sihloko. Kwangelo xesha, lo matshini waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa i-Boolean logic kunye neenombolo zamanqaku zokudada.
Ikhompyuter ye-Z1 yenzelwe nguKonrad Zuse, injineli yaseJamani eyathi emva koko yayila ezinye iimodeli eziya kulandela. Ekumiselweni kwayo, eyayikho ngo-1938, yayisaziwa njengeyona ikhalityhulam ilungileyo emhlabeni, nangona ikwafumene ezinye izihloko, kwaye ezimbini zazo "Ikhompyuter yokuqala ecwangcisiweyo ye-elektroniki" kunye "nekhompyuter yokuqala esebenzayo kuluntu ngokubanzi." Ukongeza koku, injineli uZuse yathatha iminyaka embalwa ukuyila kunye nokwakha, ke yayiqala ngo-1936 ukuyinika ubomi, nangona ezinye iidatha zibonisa ukuba inokuba isusela ngo-1935, unyaka ungaphantsi.
Nangona bekucingelwa ukuba kuthengiswa i-Z1 njengesixhobo sokuhlala kumakhaya omsebenzisi ophakathi, inyani kukuba ibingasebenzi ngokupheleleyo, ibikwankulu noko, ethintele ekutsaleni ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kuluntu oludlayo. Esi sesona sizathu siphambili sokuba ingafikelelanga kwintengiso inje, kunye nenyaniso yokuba inobunzima obumalunga netoni enye, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
I-Z1 yayijongeka kanjani: amanqaku kunye noyilo
Ungayichazanga kwakhona into yokuba i-Z1 yayingumatshini onzima ngenene owenza ukuba kube nzima kakhulu ukuhambisa kunye nentengiso, le khompyuter yayinkulu ngokwenene, ithatha itafile eqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, Ndandithathwa njengomncinci ngelo xesha, ke yayilinyathelo eliya phambili ngaloo ndlela. Khumbula ukuba sithetha ngexesha lakudala, apho inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwephesha kwinqanaba lekhompyuter babesebusaneni.
Lo matshini wawusekwe kumaqhekeza amalunga nama-20,000, ke, kwangaxeshanye, bekunzima ukwakha nokuphindaphinda. Yayinenkqubo yokufunda eqhubekekisa ulwazi, idatha kunye nokubala ngokusebenzisa iiteyiphu ezibiweyo kusetyenziswa ikhowudi ye-8-bit. Kwangelo xesha, yayiqhayisa ngeyunithi enye yombane eyayizalisekisa indima yombane kwaye ixhasa isantya sewotshi esi-1 Hz (umjikelo ngomzuzwana) kumatshini wokwenza ukubala kwezibalo kwimizuzwana nje, into eyayilixesha ngokukhawuleza, kodwa loo nto, yanamhlanje, ngumntu ophantsi kakhulu.
Ukwakha, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezininzi, injineli yaseJamani uZuse wasebenzisa "iziqwenga zentsimbi ezibhityileyo" kwaye mhlawumbi "iisilinda zesinyithi" okanye iipleyiti zeglasi zokwakha ikhompyuter.
UZuse waqala ukwakha kwigumbi labazali bakhe eJamani. Ngokukodwa, umatshini waphuhliswa kwigumbi lokuhlala lendlu, embindini wayo yonke into. Apho wayesebenza kuyo ixesha elide. Kwinkqubo, injineli yayiyeka umsebenzi wayo ophambili, owawukwifektri yenqwelomoya, ukuba ikwi-Z1 ngokusisigxina.
Unemali evela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, ekubeni inguye yedwa owayengenakukwazi ukuzifumana zonke izinto, kungasathethwa ke ngemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokwakha. Abazali bakhe babengomnye wabakhuthazi bezoqoqosho kwiprojekthi yakhe, kunye nodadewabo uLieselotte.Abanye abafundi beqela le-AV Motiv kunye noKurt Pannke, umenzi ngelo xesha owenza oomatshini bokubala eBerlin, eJamani, nabo babenekhredithi kule nto. ngokubhekisele.
Ndingenza ntoni?
Ikhompyuter ye-Z1 ibingakwazi ukwenza lukhulu, ngokwenene, kwaye amaxesha ayo okuphendula kunye nokubala kwakulungile, kodwa ngelo xesha kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele. Umbuzo, Unokwenza ukudibanisa kwimizuzwana emi-5 nokuphinda-phinda kabini ngexesha, malunga nemizuzwana eli-10. Ubuncinci, eso yayisisantya esilinganiselweyo sekhompyuter somatshini.
Ukuthabatha kunye nokwahlulahlula, kwamthatha, ngokwahlukeneyo, malunga nemizuzwana emi-5 kunye nemizuzwana engama-20 ubuninzi. Ewe ixesha lixhomekeke kumanani, ukusuka di babephezulu kakhulu okanye hayi. Ngaphaya koko, le khompyuter ibingakwazi ukwenza eminye imisebenzi.
Uphi ngoku?
Ngenxa yezizathu zemfazwe ngelo xesha, ikhompyuter yeZ1 yatshatyalaliswa ngo-1943 Enkosi ngeebhombu kunye nohlaselo lwasemoyeni ngabahlobo belizwe.
Kwakungekapheli iminyaka engama-33 kamva, ngo-1986, apho iYunivesithi yasimahla yaseBerlin yayivuma iprojekthi yokuyakha ngokutsha ukuze uZuse abuyisele ubomi kwisixhobo kwakhona.
Imizobo yokwakha ngokutsha yaqalwa nguZuse ngo-1984, kodwa kwade kwango-1986 apho i-Z1 yaphinda yafakwa khona. Okwangoku iboniswa eBerlin, eJamani, kwiMyuziyam yeTrafikhi kunye neTekhnoloji, kwaye ithiwe thaca apho njengesiqwengana esinexabiso nelifa lemveli.
Inyani enomdla kukuba replica ichanekile kangangokuba ukusebenza kwayo akufezekanga, njenge-Z1 yoqobo.
Iimodeli ezilandelwayo
Umatshini we-Z1 unikezele ngendlela yokuba ezinye iikhompyuter kusapho olunye lwakhiwe nguZuse. Injineli, ngomnqweno wokuphucula uyilo kunye neziphumo zokugqibela ngakumbi nangakumbi, yazisa ezinye iimodeli ezine, eziyiZ2, Z3, Z4 kunye neZ22.
Z2
I-Z2, ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye into, yayiye umatshini wolingo ukuba uZuse, kunye noHelmut Schreyer njengomncedisi, badale ngo-1940. Yayililinge lokwenza ubuchwephetsha be-Z1 busebenze ngcono, kuba khange busebenze kakuhle kwaye babuneempazamo ekubaleni, kwimisebenzi nakwiinkqubo.
Injineli ikhethe ukwenza ikhompyuter ngezivalo ze-thermionic, kodwa ngelo xesha bekukho ukunqongophala kakhulu kweli candelo kwaye kwakunzima kakhulu ukulifumanela i-Z2. Ngenxa yoku neengxaki zongquzulwano lwemfazwe, yayingeyiyo iprojekthi eyimpumelelo kwaye yatshatyalaliswa kwaphela kwakuloo nyaka yakhiwa ngawo, ngo-1940.
Z3
Ikhompyuter yeZ3 ithathwa njenge umatshini wokuqala ozenzekelayo ocwangcisiweyo. Yadalwa ngo-1941 yaza yakwazi ukufikelela kwiwotshi ye-5 Hz, eyayingamaxesha ama-5 e-Z1.
Le modeli yayiluphuculo lokwenyani kwi-Z1, ngokuchasene ne-Z2, yona Ukusilela. Nangona kunjalo, yatshatyalaliswa ngo-1943 ngenxa yebhombu kwisixeko saseBerlin. Umboniso okwangoku uboniswa kwiMyuziyam yaseJamani eMunich, eJamani.
Z4
I-Z4 yayilolunye uphuculo olukhulu kwiimodeli zangaphambili esele zikhankanyiwe. Nangona kunjalo, yayingeyiyo ikhompyuter encinci kwaye elula. Le, iphantse yafana ne-Z1, inobunzima obumalunga ne-1,000 kg, ukuba ngomnye umatshini onzima kakhulu ukuyila nokwakha.
Oku kwakhiwa nguKonrad Zuse kunye nenkampani yakhe iZuse KG phakathi kowe-1941 nowe-1945, nangona ngobuchwephesha yagqitywa ngo-1944. Nangona kunjalo, emva koko, kongezwa iitweaks kunye nokulungiswa, kangangesithuba sonyaka, isenza ukuba singakulungeli de kube ngo-1945.
Ukusebenza kwayo kwakusekwe punch ikhadi lokufunda, Into eyenze ukuba emva koko inkqubo ibe lula kakhulu. Oku kuyabulela kwinto yokuba olokugqibela uchukumiso lwesi sixhobo kukuphumeza iyunithi yokufunda ikhadi lokubamba, into uZuse weza nayo ekugqibeleni. Kukwabalulekile ukuba kuthiwe le yayiyimodeli yokuqala yorhwebo kwaye ngoku ikwimyuziyam eMunich, eJamani.
Z22
Kwakukho ezinye iimodeli ezinje nge-Z5 kunye ne-Z11, kodwa bekungekho i-Z22 apho bekukho umtsi omkhulu wokuvelisa kwiikhompyuter zaseJamani ezidumileyo. Yayenye ikhompyutha yeshishini lakwaZuse kwaye uyilo lwayo lwaphela ngo-1955, ukuze iphinde ithengiswe eBerlin naseAachen.
Esi sixhobo sisebenza apha isantya sewotshi esiyi-3 kHz. Ukongeza, kwakulula kakhulu ukwenza inkqubo kwaye iza nemiyalelo yayo, isenza ukuba kubelula nakubani na ngaphandle kwezakhono zezibalo kunye nekhompyuter ukuyisebenzisa. Kwakuyinto yanamhlanje ngakumbi, kwinqanaba loyilo, kwaye namhlanje iyaboniswa kwiDyunivesithi yeSayensi eziSetyenzisiweyo, eKarlsruhe.