A yau kusan abu ne mai wuya a yi tunanin rayuwa ba tare da kwamfuta ba. Kodayake mutane da yawa suna wucewa ta ciki kuma basu da ɗaya a cikin gidansu, kwamfutoci suna taimaka mana kai tsaye da kuma kaikaice don samun sauƙin rayuwar yau da kullun. Daga bankuna, makarantu da cibiyoyin ilimi har zuwa hukumomin gwamnati, wuraren, gidajen cin abinci da kusan kowane irin kasuwanci, wuri da wuri galibi suna da guda ɗaya, kuma dalilan wannan suna da yawa.
Koyaya, kamar yadda tabbas kuka sani ko kuma aƙalla kuke tsammani, kwamfutoci ba koyaushe suke kamar yadda muka san su ba. Har zuwa 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, ba su da aiki sosai, ba sa aiki sosai, suna da nauyi, manya, kuma suna da tsada sosai. Bugu da ƙari, sun kasance injuna waɗanda aka tallata tare da ɗan nasara kaɗan tunda amfaninsu yana da iyakantacce, aƙalla ga masu amfani na yau da kullun. Wannan ya fi shafi kwamfutar farko a duniya, wanda aka ƙaddamar a karnin da ya gabata kuma wanda muke magana akai a ƙasa.
Z1, kwamfutar farko a duniya
Akwai kwamfyutoci da yawa waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin waɗanda aka fara saki a duniya. Koyaya, Z1 shine farkon wanda za'a iya aiwatar dashi, shi yasa aka san shi a matsayin na farko a tarihi, kodayake akwai sabanin ra'ayi sosai game da wannan, tunda akwai wasu kwamfutocin da aka sansu a matsayin na farko a duniya, amma yawancin masana tarihi suna ba Z1 kamar wanda ya cancanci wannan taken. A lokaci guda, wannan injin ɗin shine farkon wanda yayi amfani da ƙirar Boolean da lambobin shawagi na binary.
Kwamitin Z1 ɗin an tsara shi ne ta Konrad Zuse, wani injiniyan Bajamushe wanda daga baya ya ƙera wasu samfura masu maye gurbinsa. A lokacin ƙaddamarwa, wanda ya kasance a cikin 1938, an san shi da mafi kyawun ƙididdiga a duniya, kodayake shi ma ya karɓi wasu taken, kuma biyu daga cikinsu "Kwamfutar komputa na farko mai iya amfani da lantarki ta lantarki" da "kwamfutar gida mai aiki ta farko don jama'a gabaɗaya." Baya ga wannan, Injiniya Zuse ya dauki wasu shekaru yana tsara shi da kuma gina shi, don haka daga 1936 ne ya fara ba shi rai, duk da cewa wasu bayanai na nuna cewa zai iya kasancewa daga 1935, kasa da shekara daya.
Kodayake an yi tunanin tallata Z1 a matsayin na'urar zama ta gidajen matsakaita na masu amfani, gaskiyar ita ce ba ta aiki gaba ɗaya, tana da ɗan girma, wanda ya hana ta jan hankali na musamman daga jama'a masu cinyewa. Wannan shi ne babban dalilin da ya sa bai kai kasuwa kamar haka ba, har ma da gaskiyar cewa an auna kimanin tan 1, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa.
Yadda Z1 yayi kama: fasali da zane
Ba a sake faɗin gaskiyar cewa Z1 babban inji ne mai nauyin gaske wanda ya sa ya zama da wahalar jigila da kasuwa, wannan kwamfutar ta kasance babba da gaske, tana ɗaukar teburin gama gari. Amma duk da haka, An dauke ni karami a lokacin, don haka ya kasance ci gaba a wannan ma'anar. Ka tuna cewa muna magana ne game da zamanin da, wanda ci gaban fasaha a matakin kwamfuta ya kasance tun suna jarirai.
Wannan injin din ya ta'allaka ne akan kimanin guda dubu 20,000, don haka, a lokaci guda, yana da wuyar ginawa da maimaitawa. Tana da tsarin karatu wanda ke sarrafa bayanai, bayanai da lissafi ta hanyar kaset naushi ta amfani da lambar 8-bit. A lokaci guda, ya yi alfahari da naúrar lantarki guda ɗaya wacce ta cika rawar motar lantarki kuma ta tallafawa mitar agogo 1 Hz (zagaye a kowane dakika) zuwa injin don yin lissafin lissafi a cikin 'yan sakanni, wani abu wanda don zamanin da sauri, amma wannan, don yau, adadi ne mai talauci.
Don ginin, tsakanin sauran kayan aiki, injiniyan nan na Jamus Zuse ya yi amfani da "siraran ƙarfe na ƙarfe" kuma mai yiwuwa "silinda masu ƙarfe" ko faranti na gilashi don gina kwamfutar.
Zuse ya fara gini a gidan iyayensa a Jamus. Musamman, an haɓaka inji a cikin ɗakin gidan, a tsakiyar komai. Can ya dade yana aiki akanta. Ana cikin haka, injiniyan ya bar babban aikin sa, wanda yake a masana'antar kera jiragen sama, don kasancewa akan Z1 cikakken lokaci.
Samu kuɗi daga tushe daban-daban, tunda shi kaɗai ba zai iya biyan duk kayan ba, ƙasa da ayyuka daban-daban don gina shi. Iyayensa suna daga cikin manyan masu tallata tattalin arziƙin aikin nasa, harma da asar uwarsa Lieselotte.Wasu ɗalibai na Motan uwan AV Motiv da Kurt Pannke, wani ƙira ne wanda a wancan lokacin ya kera injinan lissafi a Berlin, Jamus suma suna da daraja a wannan batun .
Me zan iya yi?
Kwamfutar Z1 ba ta iya yin abubuwa da yawa, da gaske, kuma lokutan amsoshinta da lissafinta suna da kyau, amma a wancan lokacin, yana da daraja a lura. A cikin tambaya, yana iya yin ƙari a cikin sakan 5 kuma ninka sau biyu a cikin lokaci, kimanin daƙiƙa 10. Akalla, wannan shine matsakaicin saurin sarrafa kwamfuta na wannan inji.
Don ragi da rarrabuwa, ya ɗauke shi, bi da bi, kusan dakika 5 da sakan 20 a mafi akasari. Tabbas, lokacin kuma ya dogara ne da ƙididdigar, daga di sun yi yawa sosai ko a'a. Bayan wannan, wannan kwamfutar ba ta iya sauran ayyukan.
Ina kuke yanzu?
Saboda dalilai na rikice-rikicen yaki a lokacin, an lalata kwamfutar Z1 a 1943 albarkacin tashin bama-bamai da kai hare-hare ta sama da kawayen kasar suka yi.
Har sai bayan shekaru 33 daga baya, a cikin 1986, Free University of Berlin ta amince da aikin sake ginin ta yadda Zuse zai sake ba da rai ga na'urar.
Zuse ne ya fara zane-zane don sake ginin a 1984, amma har zuwa 1986 cewa Z1 ya dawo cikin kasuwanci. A halin yanzu ana nuna shi a cikin Berlin, Jamus, a Gidan Tarihi da Fasaha na garin, kuma an gabatar da shi a matsayin yanki da kayan tarihi masu ƙima.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine Replica yana da kyau sosai cewa aikinsa ba cikakke bane, kamar ainihin Z1.
Sabbin magaji
Na'urar Z1 ta ba da dama ga sauran kwamfutoci a cikin iyali ɗaya da Zuse ya gina su. Injiniyan, tare da sha'awar inganta ƙirar sa da sakamakon ƙarshe da ƙari, ya sake kawo wasu samfuran guda huɗu, waɗanda sune Z2, Z3, Z4 da Z22.
Z2
Z2, fiye da komai, shine na'urar gwaji cewa Zuse, tare da Helmut Schreyer a matsayin mataimaki, an ƙirƙira shi a 1940. wasoƙari ne na sanya makanikai na Z1 aiki da kyau, tun da ba ya aiki da kyau kuma yana da kurakurai a cikin lissafi, ayyuka da matakai.
Injiniyan ya zaɓi ya ƙera kwamfutar tare da bawul din thermionic, amma can baya akwai wadataccen kayan wannan kayan kuma yana da matukar wahalar sayanshi don Z2. Saboda wannan da matsalolin rikice-rikicen yakin, ba wani aikin da ya ci nasara ba kuma an rusa shi gaba daya a shekarar da aka gina shi, a cikin 1940.
Z3
Ana ɗaukar kwamfutar Z3 kamar inji na farko mai cikakken atomatik. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1941 kuma ya sami damar zuwa saurin agogo na 5 Hz, wanda ya ninka sau 5 na Z1.
Wannan samfurin ya kasance ingantaccen cigaba akan Z1, akasin Z2, wanda rashin nasara ne. Koyaya, an lalata shi a cikin 1943 albarkacin tashin bam a cikin garin Berlin. A halin yanzu ana nuna wani abu a gidan adana kayan tarihin Jamus da ke Munich na kasar Jamus.
Z4
Z4 wani babban ci gaba ne akan samfuran da suka gabata waɗanda aka ambata. Koyaya, ba ƙaramin komputa bane mafi sauki kuma. Wannan, kusan kamar Z1, an auna kimanin kilo 1,000, kasancewar wani inji mai matukar wahalar zanawa da ginawa.
Wannan Konrad Zuse ne da kamfaninsa Zuse KG suka gina tsakanin 1941 da 1945, kodayake a fasaha an kammala shi a 1944. Duk da haka, bayan haka an kara gyara da gyare-gyare da yawa, na kimanin shekara guda, ba a shirya shi sosai har zuwa 1945.
Aikin nata ya ta'allaka ne akan naushi katin karantawa, wani abu wanda a wancan lokacin ya sauƙaƙa shirye-shirye. Wannan godiya ne ga gaskiyar cewa ɗayan ƙarshen abin da wannan na'urar ta yi shi ne aiwatar da naurar karanta katin naushi, wani abu da Zuse ta zo da shi a ƙarshe. Yana da mahimmanci a faɗi cewa wannan ita ce samfurin kasuwanci na farko kuma a halin yanzu ana zaune a gidan kayan gargajiya a Munich, Jamus.
Z22
Akwai wasu samfuran kamar Z5 da Z11, amma ba har zuwa Z22 ba akwai babban tsalle a cikin shahararrun kwamfutocin Jamusanci. Ya kasance wani kwamfutar kasuwanci ta Zuse kuma zane ya ƙare a 1955, daga baya a sayar a cikin Berlin da Aachen.
Wannan kayan aikin yayi aiki mitar agogo 3 kHz. Kari kan hakan, ya kasance mai saukin shiryawa kuma ya zo da umarni don shi, wanda ya sauƙaƙa wa kowa ba tare da ilimin lissafi da ƙwarewar kwamfuta amfani da shi ba. Ya kasance mafi zamani, a matakin ƙira, kuma a yau ana nuna shi a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiyuka, Karlsruhe.