Ilayisensi yesoftware sisivumelwano apho umsebenzisi amkela imigaqo nemiqathango yomenzi ukuze akwazi ukusebenzisa inkqubo ethile. Ngaphakathi kule ngcamango jikelele kukho iintlobo ezininzi okanye iintlobo zeelayisensi zesoftware (isimahla okanye ihlawulwe, ilinganiselwe ngokwejografi okanye okwethutyana, kunye nezithintelo ezininzi okanye ezingaphantsi...) esiza kuludwelisa kwaye sichaze apha.
Ezi zivumelwano ziseka imimiselo, iimeko kunye namagatya ekufuneka azaliseke ngabo banqwenela ukusebenzisa inkqubo ethile. Bonke abasebenzisi abayikhuphela, bayifake okanye bayisebenzise banyanzelekile ukuba bayigcine le migaqo.
Enye inkcukacha ekufuneka igcinwe engqondweni kukuba xa sithenga okanye sikhuphela inkqubo, nokuba ithini na ilayisensi enayo, eyona nto siyizuza ngokwenene yilayisenisi yokuyisebenzisa. Yingcamango ekufuneka icace ukuphepha iimpazamo kunye nokungaqondi.
Ukuthetha ngokubanzi, iilayisensi zabasebenzisi zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu: isoftware yasimahla kunye nesoftware yobunini, nangona ukuba sifuna ukuchaneka ngakumbi siyahlula neentlobo ezininzi, nganye kuzo ineempawu zayo. Masizibone nganye nganye ngezantsi:
Ilayisensi yesoftware yasimahla
Olu didi lweelayisensi aluvumeli kuphela abasebenzisi ukuba baqhube inkqubo, kodwa bafunde nokusebenza kwayo, bayiphucule kwaye bayilungelelanise neemfuno zabo. Ngelayisenisi yesoftware yasimahla, umsebenzisi ukwakhululekile ukuba ayikope kwaye ayisasaze kwakhona.
Kukho imizekelo emininzi eyaziwayo yeelayisensi zesoftware yasimahla. Kolu didi, ii-subtypes ezimbini kufuneka zibandakanywe:
I-Copyleft ikhuselwe
Kule meko, imigaqo yokusasazwa kwesoftware yasimahla ungavumeli abasebenzisi ukuba bongeze nayiphi na
isithintelo esongezelelweyo okanye wenze naluphi na utshintsho xa usasazwa ngokutsha. Ngamanye amazwi: iikopi ezisasaziweyo kufuneka zihlale zisimahla.
Akukho Copyleft
Ngokwahlukileyo, isoftware yasimahla engakhuselwanga yikopileft ine imvume yombhali yokuba oku kwabiwe ngokutsha kongeza uhlengahlengiso olongezelelweyo kunye nezithintelo. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiinguqulelo zenkqubo ezenziwe ngexesha lokusasazwa ezingasakhululekanga ngokupheleleyo. Oko kukuthi, baya kuba yinxalenye yezinye iindidi zephepha-mvume.
Ilayisensi yeSoftwe ye-GPL
ILayisensi kawonke-wonke ye-GNU encinci, okanye i-GNU LGPL. Luhlobo oluthile lwelayisenisi, ngokomgaqo wesoftware yasimahla, nangona ingenayo ikopi eyomeleleyo. Imiqathango yayo ivumela ukuba idibaniswe kunye neemodyuli zesofthiwe ezingekho simahla kwaye ayithinteli ukuthengiswa kwayo.
Ilayisensi yesoftware yeDebian
Njengoko abantu abaninzi sele besazi, I-Debian GNU / Linux yinkqubo yokusebenza yasimahla ephuhliswe ngamawaka amavolontiya avela kwihlabathi liphela. Ilayisensi yakho yesoftware (Debian Free Software Guidelines) sisivumelwano esisayinwe phakathi kweDebian kunye noluntu lwayo lwabasebenzisi besoftware echaza uluhlu lwemigaqo. Ezi zezona zibalulekileyo:
- Ulwabiwo lwasimahla.
- Uxanduva lokubandakanya ikhowudi yemvelaphi.
- Isibophelelo sokungacalucaluli nawuphi na umntu okanye iqela labantu. nakuye nabani na
indlela yokusebenzisa isoftware.
Ilayisensi yesoftware yeBSD
Yenye yezona ntlobo zivumelekileyo zeelayisensi zesoftware ezikhoyo. Yenzelwe ukuhanjiswa kwesoftware ye Ukuhanjiswa kweSoftware yeBerkeley, Ibonakala ngokubeka izithintelo ezimbalwa kakhulu kwindlela yokusetyenziswa, ukuguqulwa kunye nokusasazwa kwakhona kwesoftware.
Ilayisensi yeSoftware yeMPL
Iimpawu zezi mvume ziyafana neelayisensi ze-BSD, nangona zingavumi. Zikwaziwa kakhulu, kuba zingalayisenisi ezizisebenzisayo IMozilla Firefox, iMozilla Thunderbird nabanye.
Ilayisensi yeSoftwe ye-X.Org
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ngumfana lo ilayisensi hybrid, kuba ibandakanya unikezelo phantsi kwelayisensi yesoftware yasimahla kunye nolunye unikezelo olungelulo. Owona mzekelo waziwa kakhulu yi-X Windows System, isixokelelwano esidalwe ukunika ujongano lomzobo kwiinkqubo ezisekwe kwi-Unix.
Ilayisensi yasimahla
Lilayisenisi enikezelwa ngokukhululekileyo ngumbhali ukuba ayisebenzise kwaye akope ngokukhululekileyo, nangona iphantsi kwe iimeko ezithile oko kunyanzelisa. Enye yazo kukuthintelwa kukotshwa okanye ukuthengiswa komnye umntu. Kukho imizekelo eyaziwayo yolu hlobo lwelayisenisi, njenge CCleaner, Adobe Flash okanye iAdobe Reader.
Kukho iinguqulelo ezikhethekileyo zeFreeware ezongeza iimfuno ezikhethekileyo. Le yimizekelo:
- idonationware, elimema umsebenzisi ukuba anikele ngomnikelo wokuzithandela.
- iposikhadi, imema ukuthumela ileta yeposi.
- Inkathalo, ukumema ukuba wenze iminikelo yokuxhasa izizathu zobuntu kunye nomanyano.
Ilayisensi yeShareware
Ubume belayisenisi yeShareware kukuba ivumela umsebenzisi sebenzisa isoftwe ixesha eliqingqiweyo, okanye ngokungenasiphelo kodwa ngemisebenzi enemiqathango. Le miqobo inokususwa ngokuhlawula imali ethile kumbhali wayo. Ayibandakanyi ikhowudi yomthombo, ngoko akunakwenzeka ukwenza naluphi na uhlobo lokuguqulwa. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeelayisenisi zeShareware:
- ityala, kunye nothintelo lwexesha (oku, umzekelo, ilayisenisi esetyenziswa yi-antivirus edumileyo evela Kaspersky)
- yesiboniso, kunye nemisebenzi ethintelweyo. Isetyenziswa uninzi lwemidlalo yevidiyo.
- Adware, kuquka neentengiso.
Ilayisensi yokulahla
Mhlawumbi eyona meko inomdla kolu luhlu. Olu hlobo lwephepha-mvume lolo lusebenzayo iinkqubo eziye zashiywa ngababhali bazo, ukukhululeka kuwo onke amalungelo abo okukopisha (ewe, umbhali kufuneka acacise le ngongoma ngokucacileyo). Ke, nawuphi na umsebenzisi unokusebenzisa ezi nkqubo, enze utshintsho abalufunayo kubo kwaye babelane ngazo.
Ilayisensi yesoftware ye-OEM
Olu hlobo lwelayisenisi iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwayo ekuthengeni okanye ekufumaneni imveliso yekhompyutha. Umthengi unenkululeko epheleleyo yokusebenzisa isoftware, nangona abavelisi ngamanye amaxesha banokubeka imida ethile. Umzekelo, inani eliphezulu lamaxesha anokubuyiselwa. Ilayisensi Umenzi wezixhobo zoqobo Ngokuqhelekileyo inxulumene nokufumana iinkqubo zokusebenza.
Ilayisensi yeSoftwe yokuthengisa
Lilayisenisi ehlawulwayo apho umthengi anokwenza nantoni na ayifunayo ngesoftware: yifake ngokungasikelwanga mda, iyabele, kwaye uyithengise.
Ilayisensi yeSoftwe yoBunini / yoRhwebo
Ziilayisensi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, kodwa zifana kakhulu. Kweyokuqala (ilayisensi yesofthiwe ye-proprietary), umbhali weprojekthi nguye ochaza amalungelo okukopisha, ukuguqulwa kunye nokusabalalisa kwakhona, imigaqo enokuthi ihoxiswe ngokutshintshiselana nentlawulo; eyesibini (ilayisensi yesoftware yorhwebo) inikezelwe kwiinkqubo eziyilwe ngenjongo yokurhweba, nangona inokukhululeka ngokugqibeleleyo ukusetyenziswa.