Mhlawumbi uvile ngeli gama NAT kubhekiswa kwindawo yoqhagamshelo kunye nokukhangela kwi-Intanethi. Intsingiselo yezi zishunqulelo ithi Isiguquli seedilesi zeNethiwekhi, oko kukuthi, "umguquleli wedilesi yenethiwekhi". Yiyo, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, into esisiseko ukukwazi ukusebenzisa inethiwekhi yethu, itekhnoloji edityaniswe nazo zonke iirotha zasekhaya kunye nezobuchwephesha.
Njengoko igama layo libonisa, umsebenzi ophambili we-NAT ngokuchanekileyo kukuba: guqulela iidilesi ukwenza unxibelelwano lubekho. Kule post siza kuhlalutya malunga nokuba yintoni na, sigxininisa ukubaluleka kwayo, amandla ayo kunye nobuthathaka. Ngamafutshane, yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga ne-NAT.
Ngexesha zonke izixhobo eziqhagamshelwe kwinethiwekhi (iifowuni, iitablet, iikhompyutha, njl. njl.) zine-a Idilesi ye-IP eyahlukileyo, i-NAT inoxanduva lokubonelela ngedilesi ye-IP yoluntu edibeneyo kulo lonke inethiwekhi. Ngale ndlela, endaweni yokunika idilesi ye-IP eyahlukileyo kwisixhobo ngasinye, I-NAT ibonelela ngedilesi enye kubo bonke (phakathi kwe-192.168.0.0 kunye ne-192.168.255.255). Uncedo olukhulu olubandakanya oku kukuphepha ukudinwa kwedilesi ye-IPv4 kunye nokuqinisekisa uqhagamshelwano olulungileyo.
Iidilesi ze-IPv4 zenziwe ngamasuntswana angama-32, nto leyo evumela ukuyilwa kweedilesi ezingama-4.294.967.296 zizonke. Kubonakala ngathi isibalo esingenakufikeleleka, kodwa ngokwenene ukuba siphindaphinda inani le-IPs emhlabeni ngenani lezixhobo ezixhunyiwe kuzo zonke. Kungoko ukubaluleka komsebenzi owenziwe yiNAT.
I sebenza njani
Ukusebenza kwe-NAT kumacala omabini. Oku kuthetha ukuba isebenza zombini ukuguqulela idilesi ye-IP yabucala kwaye uyiguqulele kwidilesi ye-IP yoluntu okanye ngokuchaseneyo. Isenokubonakala ingumsebenzi ongafunekiyo, kuba akukho mqobo wokusebenzisa ngokuthe ngqo i-IP yoluntu. Nangona kunjalo, ukubaluleka kwayo kuxhomekeke kwiingxaki ezizisombululayo. Le yeyona mizekelo icacileyo:
- Ibonelela ngomsebenzi wengxaki ekhankanywe ngaphambili yokudinwa kwe-IPv4.
- Yehlisa iindleko eziphezulu zokufumana ii-IP zoluntu.
- Ivumela amawaka ezixhobo ukuqhagamshela kwi-intanethi usebenzisa idilesi ye-IP kawonke-wonke.
Namhlanje phantse zonke ii-routers, zombini kubasebenzisi babucala kunye nolawulo loluntu kunye neenkampani zabucala, zenza enye ye-NAT yokunxibelelana kwabo. Kwaye oku kwenziwa ngesizathu esongezelelweyo: ukhuseleko. Kwaye kukuba, ukongeza kumsebenzi osisiseko owakhawulelwa wona, i-NAT iphinda isebenze njengoluhlobo lwesihluzi esithintela kuphela iipakethi zedatha ezigunyazisiweyo neziqinisekisiweyo ekufikeleleni kwizixhobo zethu zabucala.
Ngokucacileyo, oku akuqinisekisi iqondo elipheleleyo lokhuseleko, nangona ibonelela ngoluhlu olongezelelweyo lobumfihlo kunye nokhuseleko olucetyiswa kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na inethiwekhi ye-Intanethi yabucala.
Iindidi zeNAT
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ze-NAT, nangona ezona zibalulekileyo zibilisa kwezi zintathu zilandelayo:
I-NAT engatshintshiyo
Idilesi yabucala iyachazwa ukuze isoloko iguqulelwa kwintetho efanayo yoluntu. Sisisombululo esilula kwaye sinconywa kwezinye iimeko (ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwizixhobo ezihlala zinedilesi efanayo ukuze zifikeleleke). Kwelinye icala, ibeka imingcipheko ethile, ekubeni isixhobo sethu sibonakala ngalo lonke ixesha kwi-Intanethi.
NAT eguqukayo
Yimeko echaseneyo nomzekelo wangaphambili. Apha i-NAT ayisoloko ikhetha idilesi ye-IP efanayo, kodwa idlala ngeseti yeedilesi ze-IP zoluntu ezahlukeneyo. Ngalo lonke ixesha uguqulelo lwenziwa, idilesi ye-IP entsha iya kunikezelwa.
PAT
Zizichazi ezithi Isiguquli seedilesi zezibuko. Le ndlela ivumela uqhagamshelo lwe-Intanethi ukusuka kwii-IP ezininzi zabucala ukuba ziqhagamshelwe nge-IP yoluntu olunye. Umsebenzi oqhutywa ngamazibuko. Inzuzo yayo ephambili kukuba siya kukwazi ukufihla zonke iidilesi ze-IP zangasese esinazo kwinethiwekhi yethu yendawo, eguqulela kukhuseleko olungakumbi. Ewe kunjalo, kukho umda kunxibelelwano oluphezulu lwe-216, okwenza olu khetho lungasebenzi kakhulu kuthungelwano olukhulu.
I-NAT: iingenelo kunye nokungalunganga
Isishwankathelo, siya kudwelisa onke amanqaku kwaye ngokuchasene noko kufuneka siwavavanye malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-NAT kunxibelelwano lwethu:
ngalinye
- ikuvumela ukuba igcina iidilesi ze-IPv4, ekubeni izixhobo ezininzi zinokuqhagamshelwa kwi-Intanethi ngokusetyenziswa kwedilesi ye-IP yoluntu enye.
- Indlela yokuseta ngokuthe ngqo kwaye kulula.
- Es ehambelanayo phantse zonke iiprothokholi zonxibelelwano.
- Ayifuni kulungiswa.
- Kuthetha ukubonelela ngonxibelelwano lwethu kunye ne ukhuseleko kunye, ekubeni izixhobo zothungelwano lwethu lwengingqi azibonakali ngaphandle.*.
- Es bhetyebhetye ngakumbi kunxibelelwano lweqela.
(*) Ngaphandle kwe-NAT engatshintshiyo, njengoko sibonile.
Uluhlu
- ifuna a ukwanda kwamandla okusebenza kwi-router.
- Ayizixhasi iiprothokholi ezithile, njenge-ICM.
- Ukucutha ukuphela ukuya ekupheleni kwe-IP yokulandelela.
- ngamanye amaxesha kunokubangela ukungqubana nemidlalo ye-intanethi, ezidinga i-bandwidth engcono kunye ne-latency.
- La ukulungisa ingxaki kude inzima ngakumbi.