Kukhompyutha, iningi lamagama asetshenziswayo ayikahunyushelwa eSpanishi nanoma yiluphi olunye ulimi, njalo kusetshenziswa amagama omdabu, okuthi cishe u-100% wezigameko asuke esiNgisini. I-RAM, i-Motherboard, i-ROM, i-HD, i-Socket, i-BIOS ezinye izibonelo.
Nokho, singathola futhi njengezinye izingxenye uma ziye zahunyushwa njengoba kwenzeka hard drive, motherboard, inkumbulo… Kulesi sihloko sizogxila ku-Socket, uma lelo gama belingase lihunyushwe ngokuthi isokhethi, okuyilokho eliyikho ngempela.
Yini Isokhethi
I-motherboard ku-computing, yibhodi lapho ingxenye ngayinye ixhunywe khona ezakha okokusebenza kwekhompuyutha, njenge-RAM, ukuxhunywa kwe-hard drive, ikhadi lezithombe namanye amadivaysi, kanye nokuhlanganisa ukuxhumana kwe-USB okuhambisanayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlanganisa nesokhethi, okuyinto, njengoba ngibonise ngenhla, isokhethi ku-computing (leli gama libuye lisetshenziswe kanye ne-intanethi) akuyona into engaphezu kwe- isokhethi noma i-slot lapho iphrosesa ikhona. Ngale ndlela, singakwazi ukuvuselela iphrosesa yemishini yethu kwenye ehambisana nesokhethi efanayo, ngoba ayithengiswanga.
Amasokhethi ahlanganisa ezinye iziqeshana zokugcina ezisebenzisa amandla angashintshi zize zifake epuletini. Lezi ziqeshana ziklanyelwe ukugwema ukugoba izikhonkwane zokucubungula ngesikhathi zifakwa kusokhethi, ngoba, uma lokho kwenzeka, sizophoqeleka ukuthi sisebenzise i-soldering iron njengoba ingenakushintshwa.
Isokhethi elishiselwe noma elishintshwayo
Amasokhethi e-CPU asetshenziswa kakhulu ku amadeskithophu namaseva, njengoba ivumela ukuvuselela ukusebenza kwayo ngokushintsha iphrosesa kuphela, ngaphandle kokushintsha ibhodi lonke.
Kumakhompyutha aphathekayo, iprosesa idayiswa kusokhethi, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuyibuyekeza. Okufanayo kwenzeka kumadivayisi eselula, nakuba kulo mkhakha kube nemizamo ethakazelisayo, ngeshwa, ayizange idume.
Njengoba ukuminyana kwamaphini kukhuphuka kumasokhethi esimanje, ukwanda kwezidingo kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza yamabhodi wesifunda aphrintiwe, okuvumela inani elikhulu lamasiginali ukuthi lithunyelwe ezingxenyeni.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza busekelwe kuma-nanometer angu-5, 7, 10 avumelayo engeza ama-transistors amaningi kuma-processor. Uma lelo nani liphansi, ama-transistors amaningi angangezwa kuphrosesa kusetshenziswa indawo efanayo.
Iningi lamasokhethi esingawathola emakethe, aklanywe ngokuhlanganiswa ukuze afakwe eduze kwe-heatsink ukushisa, okunciphisa izinga lokushisa lephrosesa lapho isebenza ngamandla amakhulu.
Kanye nosinki wokushisa, iphinde ifakwe, emishinini enamandla kakhulu, abalandeli oyedwa noma ngaphezulu ukusiza ukusebenza kwephrosesa kupholile futhi ivimbele ukuthi ime okwesikhashana noma unomphela lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngaphezu kokuvamile.
Iyini isokhethi?
Isokhethi ku-motherboard yekhompuyutha yethu yedeskithophu iyasivumela ukuthi namathisela iprosesa ebhodini. Iphrosesa iyinjini edingekayo ukuze ikhompuyutha ibe nezinzuzo eziningi noma ezincane. Uma iphrosesa iphelelwa amandla, singayishintsha sifake enye inqobo nje uma ihambisana.
Isibonelo: Injini kaphethiloli engu-1,6-litre (okuyinto kithina ezoba i-CPU / processor) ayisinikezi amandla afanayo nenjini kaphethiloli engu-2 litre, nakuba zombili zisebenzisa umsebenzi ofanayo womzimba (okuyinto kuleli cala kungaba i-motherboard) .
Akuwona wonke ama-processor ahambisana nawo wonke amabhodi akuwona wonke amabhodi ahambisana nawo wonke amaphrosesa. Emakethe singathola inani elikhulu labakhiqizi be-motherboard kodwa abakhiqizi ababili kuphela: i-Intel ne-AMD.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, izizukulwane ezintsha zeprosesa banezidingo ezahlukene zesokhethi, ngakho awukwazi ukusebenzisa ibhodi elidala elinephrosesa yesizukulwane sakamuva.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ibhodi kufanele ihambisane nobuchwepheshe beprosesa ukuze ukwazi ukulisebenzisa ngokugcwele.
Futhi, amasokhethi asekelwe ngama-AMD processors awasekelwe yi-Intel futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, njengoba kungabakhiqizi bephrosesa ngokwabo abaklama amasokhethi amabhodi omama.
Isokhethi idayiswa ebhodini le-motherboard, ngakho-ke lokhu akukwazi ukushintshwa ngomunye njengokungathi singakwenza ngama-processor. Uma sifuna ukuvuselela iphrosesa yemishini yethu yekhompyutha, kufanele sithenge iphrosesa ehambisana nesokhethi, futhi kufanele isuke kumkhiqizi ofanayo nomprosesa.
Izinhlobo zokuxhuma amasokhethi
Isikhwama se-LGA
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthukile ekwakhiweni kweprosesa, uhlobo lokuxhumana nalo selushintshile, ukuze unikeze ukusebenza okuphezulu, ukuxhumana okungcono futhi ukwazi ukunikeza amandla amakhulu.
Ukuxhumeka I-DIP noma i-DIL (iphakheji elikabili elikumugqa), bekungeyokuqala esetshenziswe ne-Intel 8088 kanye ne-8088, enemigqa emibili ehambisanayo yezikhonkwane ezimise okonxande ezifake isokhethi. Lolu hlobo lwesokhethi lusasetshenziswa kweminye imikhiqizo enobuchwepheshe obulula kakhulu, nakuba kuba nzima ukuyithola.
Kamuva ukuxhumana kwasetshenziswa I-PLCC (isithwali se-chip esingena-lead) ne-Intel 80186, 80286 kanye ne-80836, i-chip enamathiphu kaphinikhodi ayindilinga futhi yayipakishwe nge-ceramic ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa lilawulwa.
Ukuxhumana kwe-PGA (pin uhlu lwegridi, I-Pin Grid Matrix) yenziwe izikhonkwane zensimbi ezincane ezihlakazeke kuyo yonke iphrosesa. Iphrosesa yokuqala enalolu hlobo lokuxhuma kwakuyi-Intel 80486 ngo-1989 futhi kamuva yasetshenziswa yi-AMD.
Izixhumanisi zohlobo lwe-BGA (iqembu legridi yebhola, ama-ball grid array) enziwa ngezikhonkwane ezincane eziyindilinga ezibekwe kusokhethi. Lokhu kuxhumana kungena emigodini ku-CPU futhi kulungiswa ngokusoda, ngakho ngeke kushintshwe.
Uxhumano lohlobo lwe-LGA (uhlelo lwegridi yomhlaba, igridi contact matrix) yenziwa ngokusebenzisa izindawo zokuthintana ezilingana phakathi kwalezo ze-CPU nalezo zesokhethi. Lolu uhlobo lokuxhumana olusetshenziswa njengamanje kumaphrosesa amaningi esimanje. Iqale ukusebenzisa ngo-2012 ne-Intel Xeon