Namuhla akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ukuhlala ngaphandle kwekhompyutha. Yize abantu abaningi behamba ngayo futhi bengenayo eyodwa emakhaya abo, amakhompyutha asisiza ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile ukuze sibe nokuphila kwansuku zonke okulula. Kusukela emabhange, ezikoleni nasezikhungweni zemfundo kuya ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, izakhiwo, izindawo zokudlela kanye nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwebhizinisi, indawo nendawo ngokuvamile kunenye, futhi izizathu zalokhu ziningi.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba wazi ngokuqinisekile noma okungenani ucabanga, amakhompyutha awanakuba njalo njengoba siwazi. Kuze kube emashumini ambalwa edlule, bezingasebenzi, bezingasebenzi kakhulu, zisindayo, zinkulu, futhi zibiza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakuyimishini eyayithengiswa ngempumelelo encane kakhulu ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwakulinganiselwe kakhulu, okungenani kubasebenzisi abajwayelekile. Lokhu kusebenza kakhulu ku- ikhompyutha yokuqala emhlabeni, eyasungulwa ngekhulu elidlule nalelo esikhuluma ngalo ngezansi.
I-Z1, ikhompyutha yokuqala emhlabeni
Sekube namakhompyutha amaningi abhekwe njengawokuqala ukukhishwa emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, i-Z1 ingeyokuqala ukuthi ihlelwe, yingakho yaziwa njengeyokuqala emlandweni, yize kunokuphikisana okuningi kulokhu, ngoba kunamanye amakhompyutha aziwa njengawokuqala emhlabeni, kepha iningi lababhali-mlando linikeza i-Z1 njengokufanele lesi sihloko. Ngasikhathi sinye, lo mshini wawungowokuqala ukusebenzisa i-logic yeBoolean nezinombolo zamaphoyinti ezintantayo kanambambili.
Ikhompyutha ye-Z1 yaklanywa nguKonrad Zuse, unjiniyela waseJalimane okwathi kamuva waklama amanye amamodeli alandelanayo. Lapho yethulwa, eyayingo-1938, yayaziwa njenge-calculator ehamba phambili emhlabeni, yize nayo isithole ezinye iziqu, kanti ezimbili zazo "Ikhompyutha kanambambili yokuqala ehlelwe ngogesi" kanye "nekhompyutha yasekhaya yokuqala esebenza emphakathini." Ngaphezu kwalokhu, unjiniyela uZuse uthathe iminyaka embalwa ukuyiklama nokuyakha, ngakho-ke kusukela ngo-1936 waqala ukuyinika impilo, yize eminye imininingwane iphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isuka ku-1935, unyaka owodwa ngaphansi.
Yize bekucatshangwa ukuthi kuthengiswa i-Z1 njengendawo yokuhlala amakhaya womsebenzisi ojwayelekile, iqiniso ukuthi bekungasebenzi ngokuphelele, futhi ibinkulu ngandlela thile, okuyivimbele ekuheheni ukunakwa okukhethekile kumphakathi wabathengi. Lesi bekuyisona sizathu esikhulu sokuthi kungani singafinyelelanga emakethe kanjalo, kanye neqiniso lokuthi isisindo esingangethani elilodwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Indlela iZ1 ebukeka ngayo: izici nokwakhiwa kwayo
Ukungasayiphathi eyokuthi i-Z1 ibingumshini osindayo impela owenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthutha nokuthengisa, le khompyutha ibinkulu impela, ithatha itafula elijwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, Ngangibhekwa njengomncane ngaleso sikhathi, ngakho-ke kwakuyisinyathelo esiya phambili ngalowo mqondo. Masikhumbule ukuthi sikhuluma ngesikhathi sasendulo, lapho intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ezingeni lamakhompiyutha yayisencane.
Lo mshini wawususelwe ezingcezwini ezingaba ngu-20,000 XNUMX, ngakho-ke, ngasikhathi sinye, kwakunzima ukwakha nokuphindaphinda. Yayinohlelo lokufunda olucubungula imininingwane, idatha kanye nezibalo ngamateyipu agxotshiwe kusetshenziswa ikhodi engama-8-bit. Ngasikhathi sinye, ibiziqhayisa ngeyunithi eyodwa kagesi egcwalisa indima yemoto kagesi futhi isekele imvamisa yewashi eyi-1 Hz (umjikelezo ngomzuzwana) emshinini ukwenza izibalo zezibalo ngemizuzwana nje, okuthile okwakungaleso sikhathi kuyashesha, kepha lokho, kwanamuhla, kuyisimo esibi kakhulu.
Ekwakhiweni, phakathi kwezinye izinto eziningi, unjiniyela waseJalimane uZuse wasebenzisa "imichilo yensimbi encane" futhi mhlawumbe "amasilinda ensimbi" noma amapuleti engilazi ukwakha ikhompyutha.
UZuse waqala ukwakha efulethini labazali bakhe eGermany. Ngokukhethekile, lo mshini waklanywa egumbini lokuphumula lendlu, phakathi kwakho konke. Lapho wayesebenza kuso isikhathi eside. Ngokwenza lokho, unjiniyela wayeka umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu, owawusefemini yezindiza, ukuze abe seZ1 ngokugcwele.
Uthole imali evela emithonjeni ehlukene, ngoba nguye yedwa owayengakwazi ukuthenga zonke izinto, ingasaphathwa eyemisebenzi ehlukene yokwakha. Abazali bakhe babengabanye babagqugquzeli abakhulu bezomnotho bephrojekthi yakhe, kanye nodadewabo uLieselotte. Abanye abafundi benhlangano ye-AV Motiv noKurt Pannke, owayengumkhiqizi ngaleso sikhathi owayenza imishini yokubala eBerlin, eJalimane, nabo babenekhredithi kulokhu mayelana.
Yini engingayenza?
Ikhompyutha ye-Z1 ibingakwazi ukwenza okuningi, empeleni, futhi izikhathi zayo zokuphendula kanye nezibalo bezizinhle, kepha ngaleso sikhathi kubalulekile ukuphawula. Embuzweni, wayekwazi ukwenza ukwengeza ngemizuzwana emi-5 nokuphindaphinda kabili ngesikhathi, cishe imizuzwana eyi-10. Okungenani, leso bekuyisivinini esimaphakathi sekhompyutha salo mshini.
Ukukhipha nokwehlukanisa, kwamthatha, ngokulandelana, cishe imizuzwana emi-5 namasekhondi angama-20. Vele, isikhathi naso besincike ezibalweni, beziphezulu kakhulu noma cha. Ngaphandle kwalokho, le khompyutha ibingakwazi ukwenza eminye imisebenzi.
Ukuphi njengamanje?
Ngenxa yezingxabano zempi ngaleso sikhathi, ikhompyutha ye-Z1 yacekelwa phansi ngo-1943 sibonga ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kanye nokuhlaselwa ngamabhanoyi yizindiza zombimbi zakuleliya lizwe.
Kwaze kwaba yiminyaka engama-33 kamuva, ngo-1986, lapho iFree University yaseBerlin yavuma iphrojekthi yokuyakha kabusha ukuze uZuse abuyisele impilo kulowo mshini.
Imidwebo yokwakhiwa kabusha yaqalwa nguZuse ngo-1984, kodwa kwaze kwaba ngo-1986 lapho i-Z1 ibuyele khona ebhizinisini. Njengamanje ikhonjiswa eBerlin, eJalimane, eTraffic and Technology Museum, futhi yethulwa lapho njengengxenye eyigugu nomlando oyigugu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi umfanekiso unembile kangangokuba ukusebenza kwawo akuphelele, njengeZ1 yangempela.
Amamodeli alandelayo
Umshini we-Z1 wavumela amanye amakhompyutha emndenini ofanayo ukuthi akhe uZuse. Unjiniyela, enesifiso sokwenza ngcono imiklamo yakhe kanye nemiphumela yokugcina ngokwengeziwe, wavusa amamodeli amane, okungu-Z2, Z3, Z4 no-Z22.
Z2
I-Z2, ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye, yayiyi umshini wokuhlola ukuthi uZuse, kanye noHelmut Schreyer njengomsizi, badale ngo-1940. Kwakuwumzamo wokwenza imishini ye-Z1 isebenze kangcono, ngoba yayingasebenzi kahle futhi yayinamaphutha ezibalweni, emisebenzini nasezinhlelweni.
Unjiniyela ukhethe ukwenza ikhompyutha ngamaphayiphu e-thermionic, kepha emuva lapho kwakukhona ukutholakala okuncane kakhulu kwalesi sakhi futhi kwakunzima kakhulu ukusitholela i-Z2. Ngenxa yalokhu nezinkinga zezingxabano zempi, kwakungeyona iphrojekthi ephumelelayo futhi yacekelwa phansi ngokuphelele ngonyaka ofanayo eyakhiwa ngawo, ngo-1940.
Z3
Ikhompyutha ye-Z3 ibhekwa njenge- umshini wokuqala wokuhlela othomathikhi ngokuphelele. Yadalwa ngo-1941 futhi yakwazi ukufinyelela imvamisa yewashi engu-5 Hz, okwakuphindwe kahlanu kweye-Z5.
Le modeli ibe yintuthuko yangempela ku-Z1, ngokungafani ne-Z2, okuyiyo kwaba ukwehluleka. Kodwa-ke, yacekelwa phansi ngo-1943 ngenxa yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu edolobheni laseBerlin. Kufana nomfanekiso oboniswe eMnyuziyamu waseJalimane eMunich, eJalimane.
Z4
I-Z4 ibe enye intuthuko enkulu kumamodeli wangaphambilini ashiwo ngaphambili. Noma kunjalo, kwakungeyona ikhompyutha encane kakhulu futhi elula. Le, icishe ifane ne-Z1, isisindo saso singaba ngu-1,000 XNUMX kg, ukuba ngomunye umshini onzima kakhulu ukuklama nokwakha.
Lokhu kwakhiwa nguKonrad Zuse nenkampani yakhe iZuse KG phakathi kuka-1941 no-1945, yize ngobuchwepheshe yaqedwa ngo-1944. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwalokho, kwanezelwa ama-tweaks amaningi nokulungiswa, isikhathi esingangonyaka, okwenza ukuthi ingakulungeli ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba ngo-1945.
Ukusebenza kwayo kwakususelwa ku shaya ukufundwa kwamakhadi, into ngaleso sikhathi eyayenza izinhlelo zibe lula kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi okunye kokuthinta kokugcina kwale divayisi ukuqaliswa kophiko lokufunda amakhadi we-punch, into uZuse aqhamuka nayo ekugcineni. Kubalulekile futhi ukusho ukuthi lena bekuyimodeli yokuqala yezentengiselwano kanti njengamanje ibekwe eMnyuziyamu eMunich, eJalimane.
Z22
Kwakunamanye amamodeli afana ne-Z5 ne-Z11, kepha kuze kwaba yi-Z22 lapho kwaba khona ukweqa okukhulu kokukhiqiza kumakhompyutha aseJalimane adumile. Kwakungenye ikhompyutha yebhizinisi lakwaZuse futhi ukwakhiwa kwayo kwaphela ngo-1955, ezothengiswa kamuva eBerlin nase-Aachen.
Lezi zinsiza kusebenza ku imvamisa yewashi engu-3 kHz. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakulula kakhulu ukuluhlela futhi lwafika nemiyalo yalo, lwenza kube lula kunoma ngubani ongenalo ulwazi lwezibalo nolwekhompyutha ukulusebenzisa. Yayisesimanjemanje kakhulu, ezingeni lokuklama, futhi namuhla iboniswa e-University of Applied Sciences, eKarlsruhe.