Cishe uzwile ngaleli gama I-NAT okubhekiswe emkhakheni wokuxhumana nokuphequlula i-inthanethi. Incazelo yalezi zifinyezo ithi Isihumushi Sekheli Lenethiwekhi, okungukuthi, “umhumushi wekheli lenethiwekhi”. Kunoma yikuphi, kuyisici esibalulekile ukukwazi ukusebenzisa inethiwekhi yethu, ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa cishe nawo wonke amarutha asekhaya nawomsebenzi.
Njengoba igama layo libonisa, umsebenzi oyinhloko we-NAT ukuthi: humusha amakheli ukuze wenze ukuxhumana kwenzeke. Kulo mbhalo sizohlaziya ukuthi imayelana nani, sigqamisa ukubaluleka kwayo, amandla ayo kanye nobuthakathaka bayo. Ngamafuphi, konke odinga ukukwazi nge-NAT.
Ngesikhathi wonke amadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi (amafoni, amaphilisi, amakhompuyutha, njll.) bane- ikheli le-IP elihlukile, i-NAT inesibopho sokuhlinzeka ngekheli le-IP lomphakathi elihlangene layo yonke inethiwekhi. Ngale ndlela, esikhundleni sokunikeza ikheli le-IP elihlukile kudivayisi ngayinye, I-NAT inikeza ikheli elilodwa labo bonke (phakathi kuka-192.168.0.0 no-192.168.255.255). Inzuzo enkulu lokhu okubandakanyayo ukugwema ukukhathala kwekheli le-IPv4 nokuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuhle.
Amakheli e-IPv4 enziwe ngamabhithi angu-32, avumela ukudalwa kwesamba samakheli angu-4.294.967.296. Kubonakala kuyisibalo esingafinyeleleki, kodwa empeleni kuwukuthi uma siphindaphinda inombolo yama-IPs emhlabeni ngenani lamadivayisi axhunywe kwelinye ngalinye. Ngakho-ke ukubaluleka komsebenzi owenziwa yi-NAT.
Isebenza kanjani
Ukusebenza kwe-NAT kuqondiswa kabili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kusiza kokubili ukuhumusha ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo nokulihumushela ekhelini le-IP lomphakathi noma okuphambene nalokho. Kungase kubonakale kuwumsebenzi ongasasebenzi, njengoba asikho isithiyo ekusebenziseni ngokuqondile i-IP yomphakathi. Nokho, ukubaluleka kwayo kusezinkingeni elizixazululayo. Lezi yizibonelo ezicace kakhulu:
- Ihlinzeka nge-workaround yenkinga eshiwo ngaphambili yokukhathala kwe-IPv4.
- Yehlisa izindleko eziphezulu zokuthola ama-IP omphakathi.
- Ivumela izinkulungwane zamadivayisi ukuthi axhume ku-inthanethi esebenzisa ikheli elilodwa le-IP lomphakathi.
Namuhla cishe wonke ama-routers, kokubili abasebenzisi abazimele kanye nokuphathwa komphakathi nezinkampani ezizimele, enza enye ye-NAT yokuxhumana kwawo. Futhi lokhu kwenziwa nangesizathu esengeziwe: ukuphepha. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi, ngaphezu komsebenzi oyisisekelo eyaqanjwa ngawo, i-NAT iphinde isebenze njengohlobo lwesihlungi esivimbela kuphela amaphakethe edatha agunyaziwe futhi aqinisekisiwe ukuthi afinyelele kumadivayisi ethu ayimfihlo.
Ngokusobala, lokhu akuqinisekisi izinga eliphelele lokuvikelwa, nakuba kunikeza isendlalelo esengeziwe sobumfihlo nokuvikeleka okunconywa kakhulu kunoma iyiphi inethiwekhi ye-inthanethi eyimfihlo.
Izinhlobo ze-NAT
Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene ze-NAT, nakuba ezibaluleke kakhulu zifinyelela kulezi zintathu ezilandelayo:
I-NAT emile
Ikheli langasese lichazwe ukuze lihlale lihunyushwa ekhelini lomphakathi elifanayo. Kuyisixazululo esilula futhi esinconyiwe kwezinye izimo (njengokusetshenziswa kumadivayisi okumele ahlale enekheli elifanayo ukuze afinyeleleke). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iveza izingozi ezithile, njengoba idivayisi yethu ibonakala ngaso sonke isikhathi kuyi-Internet.
I-NAT enamandla
Kuyindaba ephambene nesibonelo sangaphambilini. Lapha i-NAT ayihlali ikhetha ikheli le-IP elifanayo, kodwa idlala nesethi yamakheli e-IP omphakathi ahlukene. Ngaso sonke isikhathi uma ukuhumusha kwenziwa, kuzonikezwa ikheli le-IP elisha.
I-PAT
Yizifinyezo ze- Umhumushi Wekheli Lembobo. Le nqubo ivumela ukuxhumana kwe-inthanethi okuvela kuma-IP ambalwa ayimfihlo ukuthi axhumeke nge-IP yomphakathi eyodwa. Umsebenzi owenziwa ngamachweba. Inzuzo yayo enkulu ukuthi sizokwazi ukufihla wonke amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo esinawo kunethiwekhi yethu yendawo, okuhumushela ekuvikelekeni okwengeziwe. Yiqiniso, kunomkhawulo ekuxhumaneni okuphezulu kwe-216, okwenza le nketho ingasebenzi kakhulu kumanethiwekhi amakhulu.
I-NAT: izinzuzo kanye nokubi
Njengesifinyezo, sizoklelisa wonke amaphuzu futhi ngokumelene nalokho okufanele siwahlole mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-NAT ekuxhumekeni kwethu:
ngoba
- ivumela thina igcina amakheli e-IPv4, njengoba amadivaysi amaningana angaxhunywa ku-inthanethi ngokusetshenziswa kwekheli le-IP lomphakathi elilodwa.
- Indlela yokusetha iqondile futhi ilula.
- Es ehambisanayo cishe nawo wonke amaphrothokholi okuxhumana.
- Ayidingi ukunakekelwa.
- Kusho ukuhlinzeka ukuxhumana kwethu nge nokuvikeleka, njengoba izisetshenziswa zenethiwekhi yethu yendawo zingabonakali ngaphandle.*.
- Es nezimo kakhudlwana kokuxhumana kwamaqembu.
(*) Ngaphandle kwe-NAT emile, njengoba sesibonile.
Contra
- idinga a ukwanda kwamandla okucubungula kumzila.
- Ayisekeli amaphrothokholi athile, njenge-ICM.
- Kunciphisa i- ukulandelela kwe-IP ekupheleni kuya ekupheleni.
- ngezinye izikhathi kungabangela ukungqubuzana nemidlalo eku-inthanethi, ezidinga umkhawulokudonsa ongcono kakhulu nokubambezeleka.
- La ukuxazulula inkinga okukude kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.